CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS IN

FETUSES OF DIABETIC MOTHERS

1. Cardiac.
• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.
• TGV ± VSD.
• VSD.
• ASD
• Coarctation of aorta ± VSD/PDA.
2. Skeletal.
• Caudal regression syndrome.
• Neural tube defects.
• Microcephaly.
• Femoral hypoplasia - unusual facies syndrome.
3. Renal Anomalies.
• Renal agenesis.
• Hydronephrosis.
• Ureteral duplication.
4. Gastrointestinal.
• Duodenal atresia.
• Anorectal atresia.
• Small left colon syndrome.
5. Other.
• Single umbilical artery.
• Thick placenta.